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    • DataBook® for Linux
    Linux Technical Data

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    • About
      • About me
      • Legal
      • GNU Free Documentation License
      • Glossary
      • Bibliography
      • Decimal Naming and Prefixes
      • Contact
    • A bit of history
      • A little hardware history
      • A Little History of Linux
        • The Unix and Linux Philosophy
        • The Linux Philosophy for SysAdmins
          • Data Streams
          • Everything is a File – A Critical Concept
          • Linux Philosophy Saves the Day – Automate Everything!
          • The Linux Philosophy — Oregon State University
          • The real reason we use Linux
    • What is an Operating System
      • Definition of an Operating System
      • Genesis of the Operating System
      • Operating System Functions
    • DataBook for Linux Administrators
      • Fedora and Red Hat Documentation
      • Installation
        • Creating and Using Live Images
          • Creating a live Fedora USB image from the command line
          • Write Protect Errors Creating Bootable USB Thumb Drives
          • Creating USB Drive Install Image for Fedora
          • Making a Bootable USB Thumb Drive For Installation
        • Using the New Anaconda Installer in Fedora 18 and Above
        • Errors During Fedora Linux DVD Installation
        • Hardware Compatibility
          • BIOS Upgrades with FreeDOS
          • Testing hardware compatibility with Linux using Live USB memory sticks
          • nVidia vs ATI/Radeon Video
          • Video Hardware
          • Getting Linux to Run on Intel DG33FB Motherboard
          • Intel DP35DP Motherboard And Fedora
          • Beware of Foxconn Motherboards
        • Software RAID
          • Configuring Software RAID1 Arrays in Linux
          • Failing and Removing a Device From a RAID 1 Array in Linux
        • Default Partitioning and Disk Layout During Installation
        • Advanced Partitioning and Disk Layout During Installation
        • Kickstart
          • Complete Kickstart
        • Sample Linux Installation Procedures
          • Installing Fedora Linux 15 Through 17
          • Installing Fedora Linux 18
          • Fedora 15 through 18 Post Installation
          • Installing Fedora Linux 19
        • Post-Installation Problems
          • SSH and YUM don’t work after Fedora 10 Installation
      • Upgrades
        • Upgrade Fedora with dnf system-upgrade – Fedora 22 and above
        • Upgrades with fedup – not so much!
        • Upgrades with preupgrade
      • Migrating to Linux
        • Creating a Default KDE Desktop for New Accounts
        • Migrating Microsoft Contacts to Thunderbird
        • Importing Local Folders From Microsoft Mail into Thunderbird
      • Bootup and Linux startup
        • The Linux Boot Process
          • BIOS POST
          • GRUB
            • Configuring GRUB
            • Using the GRUB Menu to Alter the Boot Sequence
          • Kernel Boot Parameters
          • Kernel Initialization
          • GRUB2
            • Configuring GRUB2
        • Startup Using SystemV Init Scripts
        • The startup process using systemd
          • Starting and Managing Linux Services Using systemd
        • Booting older kernels
        • Setting the host name
      • Filesystems
        • Anatomy of a Disk Drive
        • Disk Drive Types
        • The Linux Kernel and HDD Types
        • Introduction to Linux Filesystems
        • Linux Filesystem Hierarchical Standard
        • Understanding the /dev directory
        • The Linux Extended Filesystems
          • EXT2 Filesystem
          • The Linux EXT4 filesystem
        • Using hard and soft links in the Linux filesystem
        • Logical Volume Manager – LVM
          • LVM Structure
          • Creating a new Volume Group and Logical Volume
          • Resizing a Logical Volume in an LVM Filesystem
          • Changing the name of a Volume Group
        • Using the Loopback devices
        • File Permissions
        • Managing Cruft in tmp directories
        • Converting to SSD
      • Swap space on Linux Systems
        • Adding more swap space
      • The Command Line Interface (CLI)
        • Using Screen
        • How to use GNU screen as a teaching tool
        • Using Virtual Consoles
        • Tilix – Extreme Terminal Emulation
        • The GNU Core Utilities
        • Pipe Dreams
        • Fedora 16 crontab Problem
        • Setting vi Mode for Command Line Editing
      • System Tools
        • Glances for Monitoring Your Linux hosts
        • My First Day with Ansible
        • The /proc filesystem
        • Setting Colors in vim
        • Colors in Midnight Commander
        • The date Command
      • System Administration
        • Real SysAdmins don’t sudo
        • Using sudo to delegate
        • Everything is a File
        • Introducing regular expressions
        • About UDEV
        • Scheduling tasks with cron
        • Serial Console Usage
        • Performance Tuning
          • Removing kactivitymanagerd
          • KDE — How to disable Nepomuk, Strigi, Baloo and Akonadi
          • Removing ModemManager
        • When to reboot a Linux computer
        • Linux Standards and Best Practices
      • Software Updates
        • How to Disable PackageKit
        • How to Fix VirtualBox Errors after Linux Version Upgrades
      • Networking
        • Using SSH for access to remote hosts
        • DHCPD and HTTPD services do not start
        • BIND and Named – Name Services
          • Introduction to the Domain Name System (DNS)
          • Set up a DNS server using BIND
          • DNS secondary server does not update
          • DNS Problems in Fedora 12 and 13
        • Network Manager
          • Disable NetworkManager
        • Network Configuration
          • CIDR – Network notation and configuration
          • How to Disable IPV6
          • Introduction to Network Routing
          • Making your Linux Box Into a Router
          • Configuring Network Interface Controllers (NIC)
        • Networking Problems
          • Name services (DNS) resolver borked after upgrading to Fedora 33
          • Intel e1000e link speed only 100Mb rather than 1000Mb
          • Resetting Stale NFS Handles in Linux
        • Network Interface Card (NIC) name assignments
      • Printing
        • Printing Booklets using LibreOffice Writer
        • Printing Problems After Upgrade from Fedora 10 to 11
        • Printer Won’t Print After Going Into Sleep Mode
        • Printing With a Xerox WorkCenter Pro 128
        • Printing with the Dell V505 All-In-One Printer
        • Lexmark Printers Not Supported in Linux
        • USB Hardware Printing Problems
      • The X Window System
        • Installing System Fonts Using the Command Line
        • The Display Manager
        • xorg.conf Not Created in Fedora 14
      • Linux Desktops
        • The Xfce Desktop
          • Remote configuration of Xfce4
      • Security
        • Generating passwords
        • Firewalls
          • New Firewall – firewalld
          • Reverting to IPTables from firewalld
          • Blocking Brute Force SSH Attacks
        • shred – Deleting Files Securely
        • Backups and Disaster Recovery
          • The Backup Plan
          • Using tar and ssh for backups
          • Using rsync for Backup
      • Scripting Languages
        • BASH Code to Determine Valid IP Addresses
        • The awk Language
      • Apache Web Server
        • Basic Apache Web Server Configuration
        • Configuring multiple web sites with Apache
        • Configuration changes in Apache 2.4
      • Email
        • Migrate Thunderbird Config from one Linux Computer to Another
        • Configuring the Alpine email client
        • Sorting Email – Using SpamAssassin, MimeDefang and Procmail
        • sendmail
          • SendMail Error Message: 553 5.1.8 … Domain of sender address … does not exist
          • Outbound Authentication for Sendmail
          • Forwarding Email from Hosts with no DNS Entries
          • Using port forwarding when ISP’s block port 25 for outbound email
        • Can’t connect on IMAP to receive email on mobile devices – Server busy error
      • Troubleshooting
        • The Five Steps of Problem Solving
          • Knowledge
          • Observation
          • Deduction
          • Action
          • Testing
        • Troubleshooting Example
        • Important First Steps in Solving Problems
        • Problem Determination Tools
          • Open source tools for monitoring your Linux system
          • Temperature monitoring tools to keep your Linux computer cool
          • top
          • Diagnosing CPU and memory related performance problems
          • Priorities, Nice Numbers and How to Use Them
        • Environmental Problems – EMI
          • EMI Sources
            • EMI – Radio and TV
            • EMI – Radar and Microwave
            • EMI – Static Electricity
            • EMI – Electrical Noise
            • EMI – Engines
            • EMI – Magnetic Fields
          • EMI Problems – Bothering your Neighbors
          • How to Minimize EMI Problems
        • Specific Problems
          • TigerVNC viewer blank
          • Cannot Login Using GUI – 1
          • Cannot Login Using GUI – 2
          • Copy and Paste fails on LXDE and Xfce desktops
          • Horizontal Bar in Display
          • Xterm Windows Freeze Up in VNC Session
          • Fedora 10 – Network Only Works Outbound
          • User unable to login to XFCE desktop
      • Compiling the Kernel
        • Using Multiple Threads When Compiling the Kernel
      • Applications
        • Multimedia
          • Fix OBS Studio frame rate issues
        • ChurchInfo
          • ChurchInfo: Fatal Error: $_SESSION[‘sURLPath’] is empty
          • Installing ChurchInfo
          • ChurchInfo: Empty pages
        • WordPress
          • WordPress xmlrpc.php vulnerability
        • VirtualBox
          • VirtualBox VMs Very Slow
          • Installing VirtualBox Using the RPMFusion Repository
          • Sharing Virtual Machines on a Single VirtualBox Host
          • Making USB Work in VirtualBox Guests
        • Setting User Interface Fonts for Firefox and Thunderbird
      • Multimedia
        • Troubleshooting Audio Adapter Problems
    • Downloads
    • News and Reviews
      • VirtualBox – Free and Easy Virtualization
    • Humor
      • Joke collection
      • Blinkenlights
      • The Gospel of Tux (v1.0)
      • The ABC’s of Unix
      • The Perfect Programmer
    • Archives

    A bit of history

    Up one level: A bit of history
    Previous: Contact
    Next: A little hardware history


    This section contains a few articles that provide some historical context for computer hardware and Linux.

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    Up one level: A bit of history
    Previous: Contact
    Next: A little hardware history


    Book News

    Be sure to check my personal web site for news of my books. My first book, “The Linux Philosophy for SysAdmins,” was published in 2018 by Apress.

    My second project – a series of three books that make up a complete Linux self study course – “Using and Administering Linux – Zero to SysAdmin,” also from Apress, was released in December, 2019. The Second Edition of this series will hit the shelves very soon.

    Cyndi Bulka, my yoga teacher and co-author, and I wrote, “Linux for Small Business Owners,” which was released in 2022.

    Random Quote

    If a program is useful, it will have to be changed.

    — Laws of Computer Programming

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